Wednesday, January 22, 2025

My Notes from the 2025 NAEMSP Annual Meeting - San Diego

So once again I offer my notes from the NAEMSP Annual Meeting. My hope, as always, is
that in reading these, you may find a spark that leads you down a path of improving something in your EMS system. So, it is now 2025, and these notes were created while attending in San Diego. It is probably worth noting that I left six inches of snow on the ground in Indiana to travel to the Pacific and Palm trees which I am sure garnered some guttural hatred from some I left behind.

 

In a world of 10-to-30-minute lectures, it is difficult to capture a lot of the detail that these excellent minds of EMS convey. And of course, being typed as I am listening to each speaker, there could be errors. The usual disclaimer: These are my raw notes; other than a grammar and spell check (of which I am sure that these did not catch everything), they are as presented. I also was unable, due to multiple tracks and some needed networking time, to attend and deliver notes on every lecture. If someone finds an error, please let me know and I will correct. Please feel free to distribute these notes as well.

 

Introductions aside, here are the notes:

 

Day One

 

2025 NAEMSP President’s Address – Cabanas – Welcome to San Diego. Notes the significant fire emergency in the Los Angeles area and our affected colleagues. NAEMSP has been doing great work in advancing the mission of EMS. Goal is to foster EMS leadership and elevate the practice of medicine. NAEMSP advocates for EMS needs within state and federal governments. Consensus statement was published on behavioral emergencies. The NAEMSP 2024 annual report is now available. NAEMSP is now celebrating its 40th anniversary. Tribute to Ronald Stewart, MD and his impact on EMS. He passed away recently. We are driving meaningful change to impact patient care. Working on a comprehensive manual on trauma consensus statements. Looking at legislation on drug shortages, reimbursement, treatment in place, blood, and reimbursement for medical direction. NAEMSP does have a political action committee. This is used to support legislators who support the NAEMSP goals. 1,800 attendees at this conference. Partnership established with American Red Cross on ensuring all populations have the ability to learn CPR. Let’s connect, celebrate the gift of our work, and reaffirm our commitment to excellence in emergency medicine. Showed video message from Ron Stewart on the privilege to practice medicine. We need to be able to look back and say we did our best.

Quote: “To teach is to learn twice.” – Walt Stoy

 

Physician Wellness and Addiction: How a Month in Alcohol Rehab Restored My Joy in My Joy in My Work and Made Me a Better Doctor – Humphries – She was on dispatched on a flight call close to base. Oddly close, curt dispatch info, and was a police officer hit by car and with CPR in progress. They performed their skills and loaded into the helicopter. This was like working family. She was pronounced dead shortly after arrival. They said they were fine, but the dispatcher silently took them out of service. Now what? Went back to work. We deal with hard things. We must allow time to allow things to process. Found herself replaying the event and having an elevated heart rate and breathing every time she thought about it. Finally decided that her reactions could be PTSD. 10% of all newcomer first responders show symptoms meeting PTSD. In the US this is closer to 20%. PTSD decreases quality of life and increases mortality. She cannot remember most of the week following the accident. She took to drinking with a plan to pass out each time. Described the funeral. Internalized the outcome of the call. “Each thank you was a knife in my heart.” She felt she was a failure for not conjuring a miracle. At the fourteen-day point, she sought professional help. She was coming to work hungover. She was never drunk at work. Several months later she called her therapist while drunk and the truth came out. This was during the pandemic which had helped her hide her drinking. Drinking alone is a dangerous option. She couldn’t take the phone call back and this helped save her life. Most data on mental health for physicians and first responders is from the 1980’s. Study’s show a strong relationship between PTSD and behavioral comorbidities with substance abuse. Many do not see a problem with their substance abuse patterns. She thought that everyone else was drinking as badly as she was. Women are at higher risk of alcohol abuse. Suicidal ideation is as high as 30%. We are not that different and not to far off from our patients. 400 American physicians die by suicide each year. This is believed to be a conservative estimate. Firefighters that respond to medical calls are 6 times more likely to die by suicide than those that respond to fires alone. 40% of physicians in a recent survey stated they were afraid to seek behavioral care due to fear of licensure issues. Research shows that first responders absolutely have a higher rate of suicide risk than the general public. We cannot self-care ourselves out of burnout, behavioral issues, and suicide. Consensus recommendations: Screen our patients for behavioral issues. Advocacy must be made to remove licensure concerns with treatment (licensure boards questioning is highly varied). Diagnosis does not equate to impairment. Once a problem was identified. Initially was adamant that her residency program know nothing about this. She started outpatient rehab. A colleague stated concern (which she did not see coming). She was concerned that she might be able to keep and maintain a license as she was at the end of her residency. She was told she needed to report herself to the state monitoring board. She was told she would have to take a 72-hour inpatient program to be able to retain her credentials. She went into the evaluation thinking it was not that bad. She thought it would be 72 hours and done. Her own denial ended up getting her what she needed. At the end of her 72-hour evaluation, it was recommended that she spend a month in rehab. She did not handle this with grace and not ready to learn from the experience. She thought she had to be physically dependent on alcohol to be an alcoholic. It is not how often you drink, but it is what happens when you do. Alcoholism is a disease, and it has features. Alcoholism is a progressive disease. Treatment takes time. The mandated break from practice saved her life. Being the patient made her a better doctor. Keep your patients informed. It is important to give your patient even the smallest pieces of information. Pillows matter. Have a little grace. We meet people on the worst of their days. This occurred between March and June of 2020. She was three weeks late to her residency program. No one used her background against her. On completion of the program, she entered the monitoring phase. Research shows those with professional monitoring have a greater success rate. Knowing it was the best way to protect her license was incentive to succeed. It is OK to not be OK. There is no timeline for getting back in the saddle. Recovering from trauma is hard work, PTSD is re-experiencing trauma, hyperarousal, and may other symptoms. French research shows that there is also a partial PTSD as some have disabling symptoms without meeting minimal criteria. Trauma looks different for everyone. It is highly variable in questionnaire surveys. 57% of public safety PTSD has an initial event in their personal life. On this event, she kept reliving the radio call. She also fixated on points of care where she felt she failed. Used EMDR. EMDR is not voodoo. It is supported in the literature. EMDR disrupts memory and lessens severity of memories. EMDR is better than talk therapy or group sessions. Coworker support is a common factor in resiliency. Lack of supervisor support negatively affects resiliency. The hits keep coming. More research is showing that PTSD is becoming more common. As we see more it interferes with our ability to recover. CPTSD is much more common than just PTSD. 20% of healthcare workers drink to hazardous levels. This rose to 30% after COVID. 18% engage in binge drinking. First responders with PTSD showed alcohol abuse as the most common variable. Someone needs help. They can recover. If concerned, say something. You must report them if it affects patient care. Know signs and symptoms, know your next move, and be an advocate. Assume that someone is watching.

 

Injuries at the US-Mexico Border – Berndtson – Shows picture of those climbing the high border wall. Now we are seeing those from south and central American, northern India, and Kazakhstan coming through the border. The border crossing south of San Diego is the busiest port of entry in the Western Hemisphere.  90,000 legal one-way crossings from each side daily. Worldwide displacement numbers go every year. This includes every continent. The US is the biggest destination for immigration. Gave history of the border wall from 1990 till now. Height increased in 1994 and again in 2006 (which also increased the length). In 2016, the fence types began being layered. In 2017 more length and height was added. Annual apprehensions are at the highest numbers ever. Seeing more and more trauma from the 30-foot fall from the top of the border fence. Many expulsions in 2020 due to Title 42 activation under COVID. Who are those trying to get in? People from Mexico (30%), Cuba, Columbia, Peru, Ukraine, and China. There are also those running from Russian conscription to fight against Ukraine. Languages: Spanish, Somali, English, and Punjabi are common. Russian is common as well (and hard to find interpreters). 78% of patients were men, but women crossing the border is increasing. Many fly into Tijuana from all over the world to enter the US there. Many come on foot through the Darian gap. Many have other medical conditions related to their travel before they incur trauma. There is a lot of misinformation amongst the migrants on how to legally get into the US. You must have the CBP One app on a smartphone to apply for entry. There are only 1,450 appointments on CBP One daily. Many do not know of the legal options for entry. Many do not know you can ask for asylum. There is a steady business of those transporting people to proximity of the wall “coyote.” US is putting up billboards in Mexico for people not to trust the Coyotes. Why do they come? War, fleeing crime, better life, fear of ability to live where they are, and family in the US. Even people with injuries state that they would try it again (48.6%). Injuries seen are mostly orthopedic. Ankle, tib fib, heel and spine are common. Calcaneus fractures are very debilitating. 86% of patients are non-ambulatory on discharge. Many times, they are permanently disabled from a fall from an attempt to climb the wall. There is no follow-up as they are just passing through San Diego. Six spinal injuries a month. There is also an increase of head injuries with TBI. Most are sub-dural hemorrhages. 245 minutes from injury to ER admission is the average as they are coming from very rural areas. Many of them need surgeries for the TBI and do not get follow-up. There is also obstetrical trauma. Many have premature births following being seen following an injury. There are also thoracic injuries. There are also drownings from those trying to come around the wall in the Pacific. There is environmental exposure and injuries as it is the desert. Impact in keeping operating rooms full and busy. Drastic increase in unpaid healthcare. 20% of trauma service patients are from border interactions. Now doing scheduled surgeries on weekends. Hospital stay is longer as they have no were to go when released. Only 15% stay in the San Diego area. Some go on to Canada. Wat too many to go to Border Patrol Custody. Transportation out of the hospital is a problem. Many do not have IDs and are trying a claim for asylum. Hospital does get MediCal rates for migrant care. 100 admissions in 2019. 2024 totals were above 900. The entry rules are changing quickly. No one knows what will happen with the new administration. It also depends on what is happening in Mexico (as they guard the border as well. There is a research group on this issue.

 

NASEMSO Update – Kamin – National leadership organization attempting to connect silos between states. They have a new website. There is a medical director council that currently has 39 state EMS medical directors. NASEMSO provides a forum for communication, interaction, and networking between peers, other national organizations, clinical efforts and federal agencies. Nationwide promotion of evidence-based medicine efforts. Looking forward to V4 of the National Clinical guidelines.

 

NREMT Update – (did not catch the name of the speaker) – They have updated their purpose, vision and mission. The NREMT is there to support partnerships to improve EMS and protect the public. Much of this is done through assessment. This is done through educators, certification, sates and medical directors. Slide shown of certification current totals. New exam implemented in July 2024 with a heavy emphasis on clinical judgement. There has been a slight increase in pass rates for paramedic and a significant increase in pass rates for AEMT. They have overhauled technology, examinations and a renewed focus on continued competency. There are significant opportunities to improve ongoing competency. There is an agenda for continued competency that will be published later this year.

 

ABEM Update – Isakov – ABEM EMS Core Content survey coming regarding what needs to be in the board specialty examination. There are now 1,243 now board certified in EMS. There is now a recertification process that can be used instead of the Q10 high stakes exam.

 


NEMSAC National EMS Advisory Council Update – Wijetunge – NEMSAC created in 2007, written into law in 2012. 25-member council of national representative with EMS expertise. Charter renewed every two years. Current charter is good through April 27, 2025. The charter is the directive on how NEMSAC completes its public work. NEMSAC advises the federal government and provides a forum to deliberate issues of national significance. Provides a conduit for public input to the federal government. See www.EMS.gov for advisories. There are subcommittees on things from adaptability and innovation, Equitable patient care, to sustainability and efficiency. There is a NEMSAC public comment portal.

 

Menegazzi Poster Sessions Oral Abstracts – 1) Alternative defib strategies: Vector change is just as effective as double sequential defib. 2) Vasopressor or Advanced Airway First in OOHCA: PART Trial. Multicenter trial. Looked at time frames from first vasopressor and also whether or not there was an advanced airway placed. Vasopressor first was not associated with better ROSC or outcomes. A study in Japan that did not allow IO use showed better one month survival with vasopressor first. Does vasopressor – airway sequence matter? We will need a controlled trial find out. 3) View Adequacy and Compression Delays During CPR: Carotid vs. Cardiac Ultrasound in OOHCA Arrest: Manual pulse checks are terrible in all care environments. POCUS may improve pulse check accuracy. Cardiac POCUS has been associated with increased CPR pauses. Use of POCUS for carotid artery observation may be an alternative. Study used alternating observations using both methods. 94 patients yielded 196 POCUS videos. Carotid view had less lengthy pauses and more adequate view for blood flow. Further prospective work is warranted. Outcomes were not measured, This study was a view and timeframe study only. 4) Differences in ALS vs. BLS Outcomes in the treatment of OOHCA in Detroit: Retrospective study. Looked at ALS anytime in shockable and non-shockable and BLS only in shockable and non-shockable rhythms. Looked at favorable outcomes as CPC1 or CPC2. Shockable rhythms have better outcomes than non-shockable rhythms. ALS doubled the ROSC rates in both. ALS provided better outcomes than BLS. Using this data to justify improving number of paramedics. 5) EMS Training Priorities for OB Emergencies: A Qualitative Analysis: OB emergencies are rare but high acuity events. Maternal death rate is high. Little known on education gaps or priorities in EMS. 17% delivery complications in EMS. What are the training priorities? 17 experts form EM, EMS and OB utilized. Reviewed national EMS criteria by the education standards. Eclampsia was common in discussions. Word cloud creation for expert consensus as opposed to curricula did not match. Top items were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage, and deliveries.

 

Microaggressions – Gorgens: Stop Talk and Roll. Must flesh this out.

 

Peri-Intubation Resuscitation – Canning – Raising awareness and red flags associated with adverse reactions when it comes to endotracheal intubation. Maximize oxygenation by using a NRB at 15 lpm for 3 minutes for breathing patients. 15 lpm O2 via NC for apneic pre-intubation oxygenation. Manage BP. Increase BP with fluid bolus, norepinephrine or epinephrine if hypotensive (blood for trauma) before intubation. Use the proper medication. Pick your induction agent, consider reduced dose sedative, and use a paralytic. After intubating manage pain, maintain BP support, and continue oxygenation/ventilation. Deep sedation is prudent. Manage BP with the appropriate agent for the cause of low blood pressure (fluid, pressors, or blood).  Secure the victory post-intubation.

 

Turning Crisis into Opportunity – Cantwell-Frank – Big increases in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). A percent that survives an opioid OD, they have a 5% higher chance of dying in the next year. Many within a few days. Non-transport of opioid OD survivors has risen to 44% recently. Buprenorphine is an option. One dose can protect for 36-48 hours. Patients who received Buprenorphine in the field had a 12% higher engagement with treatment at 30 days. little precipitated withdrawal noted. Safe enough to be given without online medical control. Protocol shared. Administration is based upon withdrawal symptoms. Discuss what the medicine provides with the patient. Administration does not have to delay scene time. Should even be given in refusal situations as it will give extended protection. Safe, easy and effective.

 

Protocol of the Wild: Developing EMS Protocols for Backcountry Care – Dreyfus – Speaker has developed protocols for the remote areas surrounding Salt Lake City. Overlap of urban and wilderness settings. Looked for those with frame of reference to the subject on what they had done. Medical considerations, operational challenges, do more or do less? You will not have a cardiac monitor with your first people to contact a patient with chest pain in the wilderness. WFA or WAFA, WFR, and WEMT. Wilderness Medicine Educational Collaborative is the group concentrating on educational standards. Distance and time are both factors affecting decisions. Most NPS SAR teams have at least 99% or their members at some level of medical training.

 

But First Airway: Prioritizing Key Interventions During Prehospital Neonatal Emergencies – Redmond – Speaker states that CPR is rare in the neonatal care world. This is because it all revolves on care with the airway and ventilation prior to arrest. Focus on the airway during the first minute of contact and then to continue to obsess on the airway. You are doing a good job with the airway when the heart rate improves. Even when the heart rate is zero, lean efforts into the airway. Baby should be made to be dry and warm. Put a hat on baby. Put baby on a warm surface. Clear the airway if needed. Use plastic bag up to neck to keep baby warm. Tube must be held secure as only a couple of millimeters movement will cause extubation.

 

The Link Between Polypharmacy and Falls: Prehospital Care Considerations – Wen-Han Su – If on more than five medications at a time falls are 1.5 to 2 X more common. Case study of lightheadedness and fall. Systolic BP is 94/60. Patient is on a new medicine that causes lightheadedness. Transport or treat and release? The NAEMT has the Gems Diamond that can be used for geriatric assessment. Note what patient medications actually do. Talk to those on scene about the patient. Use vial of life programs. DMIST reports for patient handoff. Communicate high risk medications to the hospital at handoff. Medication lists are not always a match to what is currently being taken.

 

Prehospital Breaking Bad News – Tillett – Many EMS personnel have no training in giving families bad news. If leaving a deceased subject on scene, you may be the only clinician to speak with the family. Developed a curriculum for breaking bad news. How do you prepare the family for a bad outcome? How do you address angry family members? Take cases and have crews work through the scenarios on each. When surveyed, one department had 41% who had no training on this subject. People reported satisfaction and use after being trained in breaking bad news. Course is available for free.

 

Prehospital Neonatal Resuscitation – Diggs – Use of a gestational age determination tool. If fingers/toes fused they are under 22 weeks. Translucent skin, less than 24 weeks. Eyes fused, less than 26 weeks. If family says greater than or equal to 22 weeks. Resuscitate. If gestational date is unknow and fingers/toes fused, do not resuscitate. If they are not fused resuscitate. How common are out of prehospital births? 62,228 in 2017 (1% of total births in the US). Paramedics have about 15 hours of neonatal/pediatric resuscitation and continuing education varies by agency. Performance: Only 2% warmed infants. Small percentages for drying infant as well. Study on prehospital births being conducted in Texas. Providers were also surveyed about prehospital deliveries and associated emergencies. 33% felt confident. Future goals are to validate the gestational age tool, and secure funding.

 

Spinal Motion Restriction in Children – Adelgais – Looked at outcomes of spinal immobilization in children. 7,500 patients in cohort. Some different in racial demographics for SMR applications. Patient criticality also resulted in decreased SMR. Use of radiologic studies were higher if there was a c-collar or LSB used. No deaths in cohort. C-collar and/or long spine were associated with higher admissions and surgeries. More study is needed.

 

Language Barriers to Telecommunicator CPR: A Process Analysis - ? – Performed this study in San Francisco which is a multi-language community. Used their CARES data as part of study. MPDS Version 13.3. Language is crucial even in the first steps of recognize a cardiac arrest as well as for the caller to be able to understand TCPR instructions. English speaking callers were more highly likely to already be doing CPR at time of call. English speaking callers much more likely to take action based on instructions. However, there was not really a time difference in starting CPR with or without language barriers. Would benefit from more multi-lingual call takers. Need focus on multi-cultural CPR classes. A rapid dispatch protocol when information cannot be confirmed is beneficial. There were actually very few non-English speaking calls noted.

 

 

Missed Hypoxia in Prehospital Care of Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Discrepancies Between Continuous Monitor Data and Clinical Documentation – Spaite – Three H-Bombs of TBI: Hypoxemia, Hypotension, and Hyperventilation. The EPIC data showed even greater harm from Hypoxia that thought. If you have one incidence of a SPO@ below 90% your odds are seven times higher for death. How accurate is what is documented compared to continuous monitoring of SPO2? If you met TBI criteria you were in the study. 36.7% detected hypoxia from the monitor, where only 6.7% were detected looking at the documentation. Three runs had SPO2 on the monitor but not in the PCR. All were agencies that have good QI functions. It is impossible to state the importance of prehospital oxygenation in TBI. Are we missing 80% of hypoxic cases? This means literature may understate how detrimental hypoxia is to TBI outcome. This means the true adjusted odds of death from hypoxia is 6. Is hypoxia simply being missed? Are we ever distracted (rhetorical)? Need alerts for hypoxia from the monitor. We need real time feedback.

 

Prehospital Performance of the PCARN Cervical Spine Injury Prediction Rule in Injured Children – Browne – We know that EMS can accurately screen for CSI in adults. Use in children has not been proven. Children in study were less than age 18. Secondary analysis was limited to those transported by EMS. 7,721 patients in study. Sensitivity 88.5%, Specificity was 63.1%. If PECARN rule is used, it will decrease SMR with c-collar in children slightly and with LSB significantly.

 

Left Behind? Unhoused Patients and EMS Transportation – Mullen – 181, 399 unhoused Californians (28% of the national homeless population). There are significant disparities in care and mortality of medical conditions between the housed and the unhoused. 464, 059 runs of housed and unhoused ambulance runs used in study. Housed patients were transported less regardless of race or season. Data was from ImageTrend database. Policy in some areas may require transportation of unhoused patients. Conclusion is that there are disparities in healthcare.

 

 

Examining the Reliability and Validity of the ALS Certification Examinations with the Inclusion of Clinical Judgement: An Update on the ALS Examination Redesign – Stevenor – Clinical judgement is essential for prehospital care. ALS exam has been redesigned to evaluate clinical judgement. 20,136 tests evaluated. Both the paramedic and AEMT exams displayed nearly the same level of reliability. The assessment of clinical judgement is now more robust without making the exam harder. This reflects entry-level ALS knowledge.

 

Effectiveness of Sodium Bicarbonate Administration in OOHCA’s: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – Zaffari – Sodium Bicarb currently not recommended by AHA in OOHCA, based on an animal study. Acidosis is a reversible cause of cardiac arrest. Removal of Sodium Bicarb has been controversial. Literature review. Studies covered over 126,000 patients. 9 observational studies and 2 RCTs. No higher ROSC with SB. Survival to Hospital discharge no significant change with SB. Same with hospital admission. Good neuro outcome also had no significant outcome difference. A randomized, controlled trial is needed.

 

Day Two

 

Data-Driven and Patient Centered: How the NAEMSP Quality and Safety Course is Quietly Transforming the EMS Industry – Redlener, Bourn, Dorsett, Little – The typical approach to QI is finding the bad apple and fixing the person. It is a negative approach based in fear. There

needs to be shared goal of improving patient care. Cites a document on evidence-based performance measures. Cites a national assessment of quality programs. 70% had dedicated QI personnel. 62% followed clinical metrics. 38% had greater than 5 hours a month of medical director time. Cites Defining Quality in EMS NAEMSP Position Statement. Cites the Big Vision: EMS Agenda 2050. How do we build the workforce to carry out a people centered, evidence based, quality effort in EMS. It is easier to conceptualize than to bring to being. We have to have the ability to make change. We must be able to do what we need to do to make our organizations better. You need subject matter expertise and improvement science as well. We must start with seeds of ideas. Change skills are needed. Discusses the growth of the quality and safety course. We need to empower patients to improve patient care in their communities. The course grew between 2016 and now to train people in accurately use improvement science. They used “Simple QI” platform to train skills in QI. Medical directors need to understand improvement science as well. None of this is possible without people. “We stand on the shoulders of giants.” Once trained they become pollinators of improvement. NEMSQA 2024 measures report is available on the NEMSQA website. Discussed the use of PDSA cycles. Discussed use of small and large tests of change.

 

The Changing Legal Landscape for EMS and EMS Medical Direction – Levy, Jaeger – Contracts and contract language are a topic of discussion. Discussed medical director contracts needing cybersecurity clauses, workers compensation and vehicle insurance. Some insurance coverage simply is not available. Indemnification clauses (should not be unilateral). You can push back before signing. The medical director should not hold the agency/entity harmless. If anything, it should be the other way around. Workers comp insurance should not be a part of a medical director contract. General liability and auto liability coverage are sometimes being asked for. Online medical control needs. There is an increase of civil and criminal liability cases in EMS. The risk is going up. Video evidence is becoming more available form vest cams and smartphones. “Video refusals” are a good supportive tool. Refusal video can be embedded in the EPCR. They continue to see increases in medication error cases. Discussed the “Swiss cheese” alignment approach to errors. Crosscheck is still a good thing for medication administrations. Crosscheck can actually be with the patient. Showed video from the Elijah McLean case on testimony. Video did not match testimony. We need to think about informative EMS (verbalize everything you are doing on scene). People take video and photos frequently today. This is the world we live in now. Insurance concerns about lack of due process. Contracts: you need to negotiate and not just do boilerplate. Refusals are currently becoming more of an issue. There is impact of video recording on legal issues.

 

Where EMS and EM Intersect: Clarksville, Tennessee EF-3 Tornado – Huff – Air Evac Medical Director. Lessons learned from an EF-3 tornado response. Community hospitals are not prepared for disasters. One main ED and one free-standing ED. Every bed was used, and oxygen tanks were running out. She felt something was wrong with the weather when getting off shift. She had taken disaster training during residency. December 9, 2023, was the date of the tornado. There were 8 different tornados in the area. The tornado was on the ground for about an hour and 50 miles. Around 1,000 houses damaged. There was limited access to the damaged area. Hospitalists helped move patients that were already in the ER upstairs to clear ER for incoming patients. Disaster overflow is on the other side of the hospital, 2 blocks away. Made the waiting room the green tag area. Hospitalists took care of the non-trauma patients, and the ER docs took care of the trauma patients. Orders were written on glass doors of bays. Radios for all team leaders. Reminded everyone to eat, drink, and rest between waves. She was told by CEO to be sure and step back from patient care and lead the team as soon as possible. Some of the sickest patients ended up arriving by private vehicles. Put a surgeon on the task of ding FAST exams. EMS communication was difficult. PSAP was overwhelmed. There was a tech issue that caused all of the ambulances in town not to be able to communicate with the hospitals. The hospital was also the official storm shelter for the homes next door. This caused families to bring pets and there were lots of dogs. No EMS units were available to transport patients outside of the community to trauma centers. Got in touch with unified command through GMR contacts and got units on the way to move patients. You also need to account for teams and their families. Assign someone not involved in patient care to start tracking accountability of team members and their families. Focus on the end from the beginning. What are your triggers for winding down? Team support and appreciation must be shown. Showed a challenge coin for those who worked the event. Provide emotional support. 58 patients from the event with 9 critical. Spin up to wind down was 4 hours. Show up and figure it out.

 

Why Advocacy Affects You! – Tan – Advocacy is the long game. 90% of it is showing up. There is a government relations academy. If you go to the GRA, they try to pair you with your legislators.  We have to get legislators to see what really happens beneath the iceberg. Nothing worth having was ever achieved without effort – Theodore Roosevelt. Currently working on the DEA delays with controlled substances regulations. Supporting initiatives within NEMSAC. Persistence in the long game will help reaffirm our mission and values. NAEMSP has a PAC.

 

Indiana Physicians Gardner and Yazel
Essentially Essential: Pearls and Pitfalls of Navigating Essential Services Legislation – Yazel, Gardner – Why is this important? EMS in Indiana recently became its own department under state government. If you say you need money to provide EMS from local government, you will
probably get pushback. Once it is legislated, funding becomes more of an obligation and an easier discussion. There is more public understanding of EMS than before. Alternative destinations are becoming more common. It is a good time to have the conversations. Critical shortages of personnel exist with almost no surge capacity. What does a well-funded system look like. You want speed, quality and low cost. Eliminate unfunded state mandates from the start. Accountability must be defined. Who is responsible for assuring EMS is provided. Only 14 states and DC have EMS as an essential service. What is the funding stream? Indiana has no teeth to its essential service status with no funding attached. Weakly worded. No accountability is designated. It becomes a hot potato. Who is responsible (state? Local?)? What is “service provision?” 4.5 million Americans live in ambulance deserts (more than 25 minutes from an ambulance). Volunteer fire departments are having shortage of personnel issues as well. We tend to use the same legislators for goals. It is very important to get new voices to add to supporting the issues. Indiana formed an Indiana EMS 2025 group to develop a game plan for the next few years. Legislated a survey of each county on EMS on coverage and subsidies. County commissioners were responsible for responding to the survey. The next step is to pressure counties to submit a formal plan for EMS that will make it their responsibility. Wording legislation is very important. There is a big difference between “may” and “shall.” Work with legislators on wording. What you get in the legislation is more important than the word “essential.” Coupled with essential service legislation is the discussion timing for funding streams. There is room for a federal component in this as well.

 

Charting the Uncharted: A Visual Odyssey through EMS Data – Stemerman – How do you translate data into something meaningful? Mix data analysis, creativity and patience. Bear boxes are a good example. They have to be built to keep out the smartest bear but allow the stupidest human to use them. Turn clinical and operational data into an integrated view. Humans think in a very time-based fashion. Some graphs and displays are crimes against data. What are we answering? Used a graph of unit availability over time. Looked at a heat map of coverage gaps. Where you want to be is in the projection realm, like “Predicted EMS Growth and Ambulance Needs (2020-2030).” When you visualize a large number of abdominal pain calls with an ED primary diagnosis of STEMI, it tells you where to concentrate your QI efforts. Distribution of refusal calls by shift can be telling as well when visualized showing the disparity. Showed use of run charts with UCL and LCL limits imposed showing progression of a QI project. “Response Times don’t matter, stop looking at it. I will die on that hill by the way.” Target what matters like bystander CPR. Always include zero as you baseline in visual graphs. Use differing colors to assure everyone can interpret. Sentiment analysis can be used to look for data in text. She gave a good plug for the use of QI Macros inside Excel.

 

It's High Time for High Performance Mechanical CPR – Levy – Disclaimer that he is not trying to sell mechanical CPR. There are a variety of devices available. This lecture involves the Lucas device only. They are here. Mechanical CPR has landed, and the genie is not going back in the bottle. They need to be used to the best ability. Need a rate of 100-120, 2.1” depth and full release. Toasters toast toast, however that is not all there is to it. Does it do what we want it to do? The data is not that great. There are a lot of trial literature. There appears to be no improvement in outcome with MCPR. It is not inferior but not superior either. The data is a wash. Is the glass half full or half empty. When you get it into systems that use it frequently, you find a bit of superiority in outcomes with MCPR. Machines are as good as humans at CPR, but they should be better. Machines cannot give us shorter no flow time. That is up to the operator. Pauses could be the smoking gun. The longest pauses in MCPR is with device application. What does your data show? Things take time. Time has to be managed. Maybe perfect CPR is not what we want. Are we pushing in the right spot? We could be compressing on the cardiac outflow tract.  Watching ETCO2 and pleth wave need to be used to confirm good placement. Confirm you are in the right place. Use full crew Lucas application to shorten time. Script everyone’s role in the application to reduce the application pause in CPR. Also script two-person application. Continue CPR during defib charging. Video examples given. Apply the device in phases if needed to minimize pauses. Learn – Practice – Improve. Train on this. Review cases and give feedback. It all starts with great BLS CPR. Wait at least two cycles before MCPR. If the machine is not doing the job, go to manual CPR. Put the piston, not the cup, where you would put the heel of your hand. Mark the chest to monitor for piston migration. Use all of the straps to reduce migration.

 

We’re Doing It Wrong: 10 Steps to Ensure that Your Quality Improvement Program Actually Improves Quality – Bourn – Why do we have quality programs? We need to be much more focused than we are. Good structure increases the likelihood of good process. Good process improves the likelihood of good outcomes. There are many factors to defining quality including patient and employee satisfaction. Workflow, care guidelines and communication are top areas to work on for quality. Care providers are not good at self-assessing their own performance accurately. We have to measure their performance and give them feedback. Optimize and De-emphasize chart review. Improvement from chart review only produces 4.3% improvement. Focus on quality activities. The effectiveness can be improved by how we do it. It must be used optimally. Use time limited specific campaigns. Use a specific process. Know why we are reading the charts. Make yes/no criteria for meeting a process. Include contradiction data. Identify the review population. Establish the number of patients in the review in advance. If measuring impact of intervention time before and after time must be equal. Optimize direct observation (ride alongs). Do not observe for individual performance but watch the system features. Specify desired behaviors you are looking for and set the yes/no metric. Have a standard way to observe and record findings. Don’t forget that your people want to do a good job. If you don’t believe that, step away from the QI job. We need to measure system performance and not highlight individual paramedics. Measure and monitor outcomes. What outcomes? Clinical outcomes. Any adverse events? Use actual clinical outcomes when you have access to them. Don’t use hospital outcomes to go back on paramedics. You cannot fatten a cow by weighing it. We must use the science of improvement. Use PDSA cycles.  Have one goal with a clear aim. What do we want to accomplish? How will we know that a change is an improvement? What change can we make that will result in improvement? Assemble and use a team. What elements of our system have created current performance? Measure over time. Start small. Use one crew, one station. Ask “What is the reason for that?” Expand as you go. Focus your QI efforts more than you do now.

 

When Everything Hits the Fan: Behind the Scenes of the Largest EMS Natural Disaster Response in History – Troutman, Gordon – Hurricanes Milton and Helene. There is nothing more calming in difficult moments than knowing there is someone fighting for you. GMR response to this disaster. There were five major hospitals with minimal to no evacuations in progress. Numerous smaller facilities and nursing homes needing evacuation. Initial request was for 50 ALS, 10 BLS and a few paratransit vehicles. Try always not to use in state resources as they are usually needed in normal roles. Changed eventually to total 730 ambulances and included air assets. This response was in motion within 24 hours of first request. Florida hit ended up not being as severe as expected. Then backed up 911 services. As this was going on the storm moved up to impact Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas. Half of the resources were moved north. 6,085 missions completed with over 4,000 ambulance transports. Infrastructure and assets are impacted locally and when these resources arrive, they augment the existing assets and help decrease the elongation of response. Assets from 48 states sent units. 86 support vehicles were used. 151,000 meals were provided to responders. Two therapy dogs deployed. Sent 5 peer support providers. Had 24/7 mental health professional availability.  DMORT was supported and responders for this were selected for this task. Discussed controlled substance access. Challenges in pre-positioning assets and moving them as well. Flight cancellations were a challenge in getting personnel there.

 

Drilling Down Deep: Creating a Provider Scorecard – Peterson – Make things better. That is the role. We create tools, checklists and anacronyms to improve consistency and quality. Dashboards are used to monitor performance. If dashboards are visualized frequently, they can drive behavior. They use First Watch for data cleaning and compiling. They use Power BI for dashboard creation. Built a scorecard for providers using data for each providers runs. It shows success rates, reviewed runs, medication usage and other data. Gives averages for individual comparisons. Not sure if this is driving change yet. It is an ongoing project. Hopes for it to improve individual accountability, reliability, consistency, and provide objective feedback.

 

We Won’t Get Better by Making Things Worse: How Demanding More is Going to Save Paramedicine – Lubbers – You may have heard it is difficult to get people to work on an ambulance. It’s not that we don’t have paramedics, it is just they are not working on ambulances. There is a 30-40% turnover in EMS. 49% leave EMS, not going to another provider. Pay is an issue, but not the only issue. There is also the impact where sometimes people just want to do something else. Work life balance is right up there with pay. Job stress and low job satisfaction have now passed pay on the reason while people are leaving. What a man can be, he must be. 24 hours shifts are an issue. How do we have belonging with others (where does EMS fit?). Self-esteem issues with ERs that criticize care. Safety is an issue. Why would anybody want to do this job? Have you ever thought that what we do, isn’t saving anyone? “And that is why I am getting off the ambulance.” Making it easier will not make it better. It is bad to devalue education ability or use caregivers with inadequate training. It is good to show value and get people to do what they do best. NEMSAC has an advisory recommendation for the Paramedic Practitioner. A clinical ladder is being developed for the paramedic hoping to reduce non-reimbursed care. What would a PP do? The job would be clinical but not focused on transport. A good example would be treating a CHF patient, doing ECG, point of care labs, and checking with physicians. Then giving care and following up four hours later without transporting. The paramedic of today needs more education to be a practitioner. It can be made safe by making it safe through design. This is not the solution, but a solution. More value to patients, payors, and workforce with a more fulfilling experience. It would also make a longer career path. It would also increase autonomy. This would help start the transition to paying for care instead of transport. If it’s not for you, it doesn’t affect you at all. Making it easier to make a paramedic is not an improvement.

 

Recalibrating the Design of Protocols: A Cognitive Systems Engineering Approach – Misasi – Paramedic education is substantial. There is no consistency between medical protocols. Some are policies and some allow for judgement. Displayed 10 different protocols (types) for anaphylaxis. When more than one protocol applies to a situation, there will be conflicts in the protocol set. There is a difference between how work is imagined and how work is done. Nothing has a greater impact on the paramedic and care that the medical protocols. Algorithms can impair development and expertise. You cannot promote clinical judgement and chastise for not following a protocol. It is not clear as to what protocols actually provide. Speaker used decision centered design. Surveyed paramedics on protocol design by evaluating them. Evaluation was between tabular and algorithmic designs. Survey showed paramedics did not use protocols for care guidance, destination guidance, or medication selection. Algorithmic did not fare as well as a tabular design. Paramedics were asked how they used protocols during a call. Interviewed for time flow and tools (job aids) used during a call. They want a menu of options, not restrictions. What is the dose and am I authorized were the biggest usage. Speaker provides “Misasi’s 15” points of what a protocol should provide. Likes two versions, a desk reference version and a quick access version. If you want critical thinking and good judgement, use a good model. Google the Calgary Black Book as a design tool. Let the field of human factors guide you on what field aids to use.

 

Together We Rise: The Power of an EMS Driven Stroke Registry in Shaping Florida’s Stroke Outcomes – Antevy – The Florida Stroke Registry story. Florida Stroke Registry is a groundbreaking initiative. Process began in 2012. They have mandated hospital participation. Using data and leveraging hospital participation has dramatically improve stroke outcomes. Data is powerful when shared and accessible. It has also elevated the standards of care. The transparent sharing of data is important to help systems improve and hold systems accountable for stroke care outcomes and progress. Benchmarking was used. Dr. Antevy feels that this model is very scalable and could be used for national replication to improve stroke care.

 

Day Three

 

Workforce Crisis in EMS: Reconciling Clinician Sources with Opposing Forecasts – Gage – Not only do we have staffing deserts, but we now have long response times in a lot of urban areas. The forecasts on medics from HRSA are high, but not on EMTs. Are these projections correct? We know certified numbers from NREMT. US Census misses a lot of EMS clinicians.


NREMT data misses those who are only state certified. EPCRs miss non-care positions. We have those entering, staying and leaving. Different reasons for staying and leaving. Are changes in EMS causing people to leave? 911 seems to be the area where people stay. 7-10% of EMS people work in clinical settings other than field EMS. But even 911 has seen a 14% decrease due to those going to other areas. Those entering the workforce still has program attrition or they do not get certified. 21% of EMS students do not complete the program. Another 11% fail out. Testing has gone up by 3.5% annually. Number certified has increased by 4.5% annually. What is happening on the leaving side? They leave for different careers, leave a sate, provider jump, or maintain a card and do not work. Every state has a leaving challenge. Entry is keeping the workforce going. We must fix the leaving problem. Urban has the highest attrition. Not working in a 911 service has a high rate of leaving as well. Turnover is probably at 15% annually. Interventions? Job satisfaction, dissatisfaction leads to a huge group leaving. Satisfaction is hugely protective. Clan culture has the least odds of leaving. We need better info. We need to use individual national EMS ID numbers. Manage the leaving issue. One question asked about the effect of volume. Needs to be assessed. Volunteer EMS is being affected as well.

 

Safety in Numbers! Strategically Prioritizing EMS System Response by Call Type and Patient Acuity Analysis – Protecting Those That Protect Patients – Goodloe – Reduction of lights and siren response is possible and safe. Improves safety. Reduces EMS accidents and wake effect accidents. Improves mental health of clinicians. Promotes medical oversight for EMS in making good decisions on response mode. Leverages the science. It brings to the table our true value in EMS which is evidence-based medicine. We reduce lights and siren responses without any outcome deficit. Must have relentless clinical capacity and quality. Must be concerned with the safety of the public. The quality of an EMS system is more than just getting there fast... or is it? Response time for speaker’s system: Priority 1 is 10:59. Priority 2 is 24:59 requirements. 67% of responses are now non red lights and siren. No instances of adverse events since November 1, 2013. Zero instances. Less than 10% lights and siren transports. Gives example of how they make the decision by EMD coding and review. BLS codes identified for BLS only response. ALS activations on these are less than 10%. RLS transport of BLS patients is less than 1%. Using BLS increases capacity of the ALS system. Use of BLS promotes EMTs becoming interested in becoming paramedics.

 

Support for/from the Prehospital Blood Transfusion Initiative Coalition – Krohmer – The coalition started about two years ago with a discussion between four or five individuals. The military is over a century into using blood transfusions in trauma. The first prehospital use of blood products was in a service outside of Houston, TX. The coalition is agnostic to the use of the variety of blood products. Blood products are a precious commodity. Plasma may be the better component for patients with TBI. Packed cells and plasma can be use as opposed to whole blood. Whole blood may be the hardest product to find. Scope of practice, reimbursement and availability of blood products are barriers in some cases. 42 states allow for EMS initiation of blood products. All states allow for transport of existing blood products. There are about 210 agencies doing transfusion programs. There was an attempt to get blood listed as an ALS2 approved charge in 2024. Submit claims for ALS2 for blood products. We need to file claims so we can see who is paying and who is denying claims based upon blood products. Use proper data elements in the EPCR to document blood products, NOT the narrative. Use proper procedure code and assure the blood component is listed in data of the EPCR. There has been significant forward motion on prehospital blood product administration in the last 12 months. The AABB will release EMS standards soon. If you are already doing this, you will easily meet these standards. We need to work on the blood supply (donation).

 

Double Sequential External Defibrillation for Refractory VF: One Year Later – Cheskes – Randomized trial. March 2018 to May 2022. DSED was superior to VC and Standard. There is much interest in this topic. It is rare that a prehospital change affects change in the hospital. This is the case with DSED. AHA/ERC has not made a statement on DSED. AP path covers more of the ventricular tissue. Impedance is also an issue. 30% drop in impedance with AP pad placement. Impedance is even more important with the Stryker LP15. DSED timing is important. DSED is not simultaneous. Keeping people out of VF is important. DSED produces better ROSC. Simultaneous damages defibrillators, NOT sequential. If you use AP placement for the second set of pads and assure sequential shocks, you cannot damage the defibrillators. DSED provides better neuro intact survival. Vector is important, but sometimes more energy is needed as well. Vector change is acceptable for calls where only one defibrillator is available.

 

The Pediatric Prehospital Airway Resuscitation Trial (Pedi-PART) – The Next Chapter in Prehospital Airway Science – Wang - Airway is one of the most important skills in EMS. Should we abandon ET Intubation for supraglottic airways? There is some evidence that there is no difference in outcomes in cardiac arrest in adults between ETI and SGA. But what about kids? Pediatric ETI had some scientific review before adult ETI in EMS. Skeptics scoffed at the early information that ETI may be detrimental in pediatrics. There are challenges in an airway trial in kids as there are a lot more opportunities and needs for airway control in kids broader than just cardiac arrest. There has never been a head-to-head trial between pediatric ETI and pediatric SGA. Pedi-PART is looking at a head-to-head comparison. Goal is to determine the best airway strategies in pediatrics for paramedics. Primarily looking at i-Gel as the SGA component. Multicenter, randomly controlled trial. Stage 1 is BVM versus SGA. The winner will be compared against ETI. They have a budget of 3,000 patients with 1,500 in each stage. If stage 1 shows an earlier winner, stage 2 will start early. The trial uses an odd/even day strategy. Looking at chest compression and ventilation data from the continuous data from the monitor. The trial design started in 2018 and is continuing. No results presented but are coming. Dr. Peter Antevy asked about ventilatory rates being used. The answer was that this would be in adherence to local protocol based on national guidelines.

 

“From Hello to Dispo” Understanding the Association Between Emergency Medical Dispatch Call Determinants, Prehospital Time-Critical Interventions and Patient Outcomes – Levy, Crowe, Meyers – This is about correlation between EMD condition codes and patient outcomes. IAED protocols have been studied but need an in-depth link to outcomes. Retrospective review model. Prior research has been on how to send (ALS vs. BLS, use of RLS), whether to send (how do you hold a call based on medical evidence). What happens at the hospital after the call? What is the outcome? Is it safe to triage/hold the call? Looking to determine the probability of a time critical or urgent situation based on dispatch chief complaint and acuity. Looking at hospital data exchange to see outcomes to see presence or absence of critical or urgent situations. All dispatch centers reviewed were IAED accredited. Eight agencies selected from multiple states. Does the alpha through echo EMD determinants predict what happens on scene or at the hospital ED? 543,883 cases were able to be linked between EMD and hospital outcomes. 12% had time critical ED outcomes. Proportion of time critical increased with determinant level. 30 met safe to hold in queue (8%). 7 Alpha codes showed as unsafe for hold. There were several high acuity codes deemed safe for hold. Note study in PEC on Dispatch Categories and Indicators of OOH Time Critical Interventions and Associated Emergency Department Outcomes. There is room for discussion regarding ALS/BLS vs. Telehealth, nurse advice, and alternative destinations. Not all alphas are the same. One audience member questioned ability of callers to accurately relay to dispatch what is really going on. Peter Antevy is asking if this data can help break the thinking that response times equal quality of EMS. Myers answered that this could give a method of monitoring impact of response time by EMD code. This allows for risk assessment in an evidence-based way.

 

Key Takeaways from the 2025 NAEMSP Prehospital Trauma Compendium – Colwell, Lyng – Large working group with 110 people involved. Four collaborating organizations. Over 14,000 articles screened. 1,440 articles summarized. Comprised of a prologue, a methodology and 16 topic specific papers. The prologue contains hemorrhage control, trauma airway/ventilation management, TBI, analgesia, and trauma related triage. Topics covered: 1) Entrapped, entangled, and crushed patients. 2) IV fluid management in trauma. 3) Traumatic pneumothorax. 4) Antibiotics in trauma. 5) Pregnant patients. 6) Pediatric trauma. 7) Vasopressors for traumatic injuries. 8) Adult TOHCA patients. 9) TXA in trauma injuries. 10) Femur fractures. 11) Blood products in trauma. 12) Pediatric TOHCA. 13) Spine injuries. 14) Pelvis fractures. 15) Geriatric trauma. 16) Medically directed rescue. Several of the topics are joint entity positions. There are quite a few recommendations listed. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10903127.2024.2425821 Links to specific articles at the end of the article in the link. It was strongly noted that knowledge gaps exist.

 

That is all for the 2025 meeting. I hope you found these notes beneficial. Till the next event... be safe and continue to grow.

 

I leave you with some pictures from the trip.


San Diego


A winged croissant thief on the breakfast balcony at NAEMSP



Lobster Sliders at Sea Port Village





The Bar from Top Gun






The Piano played in Top Gun






Leaving San Diego (with Coronado Island below)














Tuesday, June 18, 2024

A Stormy Eagles XXV - My Notes from the 2024 Eagles Meeting

I will state that this was probably the most interesting travel I have had to an Eagles meeting.
Storms in Southern Florida wreaked havoc with getting flights into Ft. Lauderdale. After many hours of sitting in Atlanta we made it to Ft. Lauderdale at sunset... and promptly landed in about eight inches of water (which was interesting to say the least).

 

I won’t delay the real reason you came here... the notes. So, the disclaimer: These are raw snapshots from each rapid-fire presentation. I have checked spelling within the limits of the software, but the product will not be without error. There will be typos and I will fix in the blog as I find or am made aware of them. It happens. Pretty sure i missed taking notes on one lecture at the end of day one.

 

So here you go... the notes from Eagles XXV from the Hard Rock Seminole conference center.

 

Day One

 

Opening -Pepe – Eagles Moderator – Several presenters unable to arrive due to the severe storms and flooding the last few days.

 

Chief Russo – Welcomed all to Florida for the 25th Gathering of Eagles meeting.

 

The Pentagon Papers: The Five Most Important Papers of the Past Year – Slovis – Nashville – 1) Single dose Epi – Is one and done the answer? The more Epi you give, the more likely you are to get ROSC but NOT better favorable outcome. No improvement in neurological outcome. In shockable rhythms, Epi did not matter. If there is bystander CPR, single dose Epi has better neuro outcomes.  2) Switch AL Pads? A lot out there on DSD. Maybe we just need to change location of defib pads. Vector change needs to happen after two to three shocks. In recurrent VF, no statistical difference in pad placement outcomes. DSD is vastly better in refractory VF. Better than just vector change or staying with AL placement. At least do AP placement or DSD.   3) Epi, When in VF? Never give Epi prior to second VF. Published in Circulation. New article says after third shock. No antiarrhythmic until after third shock as well. 4) Adenosine with Modified Valsalva. Everyone should be using modified Valsalva at this point as it is the treatment of choice. What about adding Adenosine with the modified Valsalva? Gave during initial part of Valsalva. When done, almost doubles conversion rate. 5) Can age alone be predictive of neuro injury? Just do it. 5) One in six of patients that had neuro injury were from asymptomatic head impact. Assume badness in elderly head trauma.

 

Cinco De Trauma - Five Most Important Trauma Publications of the Year – Colwell – San Francisco – 1) Prehospital Vital Signs Matter. Prehospital Shock Index predicts 24-hour mortality in trauma patients with normal shock index upon ED arrival. Abnormal Prehospital shock index means higher 24-hour mortality. Vitals must be obtained to be able to matter. EMS still doing a bd job of getting a BP in kids. IV Fluids in Trauma. Data from the two largest European trauma registries. Variability still exists in fluid being given. Trending towards reduced use of fluid and less mortality. Perhaps leaning toward elimination of fluids in trauma and lean toward blood products only. We should tolerate low BP if not concerned about major head trauma. #) Blood in the Field. Study looked at penetrating trauma. 11% mortality increase for each minute in delay to blood administration. Wonderful alternative to fluids. 4) TXA. One study with lower dose TX had no difference (did not use 2gm). 5) Geriatric falls. Integrating fall prevention strategies with EMS visits resulted in 37% decrease in repeat calls. Done through follow up visit for prevention assessment and finding cause of fall. 6) Ketamine. Found not to be inferior to Morphine for pain control. Study supported Ketamine for pain control. He stated that he added a sixth point.

 

Advocacy: Let My People go! – Terry – ACEP – EMS and Hospital System Overload is still an issue. ER Boarding is still a problem. This is a systems problem. Why? Access to care is exactly what we do. “Wall time” is the same as “boarding time.” Hospital-wide efficiencies are a must. We must insist that the hospitals work with EMS to fix this decades old issue. There are stories of patients being admitted to the ICU from the waiting room. Case study of a female patient who stayed on the ambulance cot for 90 minutes that had an intracranial hemorrhage. She had to be transferred and ended up being a fatality. “When Minutes Count for EMS Patients Act” is being supported by ACEP. ACEP has also drafted a response to the new healthcare safety OSHA regulations. Also supporting payment for on scene treatment, care, and support. ACEP is also supporting the “Our First Responders Act.” Much of this would make what started with ET3 a reality. Drug shortages are still a problem. There is a legislative call for action o policies and advocacy for correcting the drug shortages affecting EMS.

 

What About Keeping Medical Practice as Medical Practice? What are Key Challenges EMS Specialists, Emergency Physicians, and Doctors as a Whole are Facing Today? – Kupas – NAEMSP – The things threatening EMS practice of medicine is threatening medicine as well. A lot of time being spent in EMS advocacy, but we don’t always do a good job in advocating for the EMS Physician. Things like local and state ordinances banning the use of Ketamine limits the practice of medicine and doing what is best for the patient. EMS has never stopped making house calls. EMS Medical oversite is a practice of medicine. “We support the right of the EMS Medical Director to decide what is best for their community and not be hindered by the decisions of others.” Supporting medical director payment by Medicare. A physician can bill for a house call, but a medical director cannot go to an arrest scene and bill for services (differing taxonomy).

 

What Does Equity Mean in EMS and Why Does it Matter? Weston – Milwaukee – What do we know about equity in EMS? What can we do about it? Why should we care? Do we treat all our patients the same? Data says we do not treat our patients the same. Care can be inequitable by race, gender, age, financial status, medical issues, and other areas. Equity is not a niche issue. It actually represents a majority of patients. Define equity, require demographics, modify training, leverage the data in your system, and ultimately change policies. In doing so, you will improve health.

 


New Mexico’s Unique EMS Corps – Pruett – Albuquerque – A ready workforce exists. Young Adults 18-25. Bring them in and give housing support, monthly earned stipends, mentorship, counseling/wellness, and job placement. They have graduated 67 people. One third are native American. 99% have confirmed employment with 90% working in EMS. 400 hours of EMT content for 18-20 students at a time. Concentration on hands-on training. https://emscorps.org

 

Respect Thy Elders! With Escalating, Longer-Living, Anti-Coag’ed, and Boomer Populations, What Does EMS Need to Know? – Colwell – San Francisco – We are not as good as we need to be with this population. How can we be better? We respect peds but lump geriatrics in with adults. As we get older, we hide injuries and pathology. “Older than 65,” nothing magic about that and an argument could be made for age 35. No literature clearly defines geriatric. “Young old” is 65-80. “Old old” is over 80. More severe response to injury and pathology. Geriatrics have pre-existing conditions and fewer reserves. Most common complaint is a fall. Age is a significant determinant of EMS use and is associated with longer scene times. 18% have repeat transport within 30 days in many cases. Dyspnea is highest number of medical complaints. Falls are 50% of trauma calls in the elderly. A fall in an elderly patient without transport is a sentinel event as death can statistically occur within months of a fall. 49% of those not transported need medical call within two weeks of the call. What caused the fall? Dehydration, delirium, infection? Normal vitals should NOT be a reassurance of normalcy. Vitals affected by medications (beta blockers for example). 14% increase in falls for each medication above 4. Newly started medications cause changes that can lead to falls/incidents. Coming to a hospital near you: There are now accredited geriatric emergency departments. Respect the significance of our geriatric interactions in EMS. They benefit from progressive care.

 

A Bleed Indeed is a Bleed in Need! How Accurate is a New Screening Test for Detecting
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? – Banerjee – Polk County, Florida –  37.5% mortality rate of hemorrhagic strokes at 30 days. 97% have severe headache. 33% have no symptoms except for a headache. SAH Protocol is used in patients over age 15. CTHEAD anacronym used. How accurate is the index? 96.6% accurate in Polk County.

 

Can We Save the Triage Day? The TBI Biomarker Way? - Kupas – NAEMT/NAESMP – There is a lot of transport for CT scans post fall. Anticoagulant use is a factor as is age. Biomarkers released after brain injury, UCH-L1 and GFAP. Used to have to spin down sample to test from plasma. www.tbibreakthrough.com  only uses a single drop of blood. Results in 15 minutes. Sensitivity is 97.6%. Negative predictive value was 99.6%. 1959 patients, only 3 where test was negative, and the CT was positive. In those three there was not a significant bleed (small). Biomarkers are for specific circumstances. This one is for falls with a head strike. The assay works well in this sub-group. Can be combined with other assessment tools like the Wake County Fall Screen and the Canadian CT Rule. What are the goals of care? This tool would support a treat in place EMS model. About $1,300 per unit. Lots of discussion on this topic and the device. Could be even more of a benefit where long transport times to an appropriate facility exist. Sounds like a great treat in place tool.

 

Senior Moments and Getting Old Remarks: A Brief Discussion on Trauma Triage, Special Precautions and Special Needs – Colwell, Banerjee, Kupas, Gaither – There is a great risk of oversimplifying the geriatric issue. Some studies state that 25% of patients die within a week of a lift assist occurring. We have to do better. The factor that many geriatrics do not wish to be transported is prevalent. Should we take all geriatric injuries to a trauma center? Will this overwhelm trauma centers? Possibly? ACEP is looking into criteria for geriatric specific trauma centers.

 

For the Life of All Flesh is in the Blood Thereof (Leviticus 17:14) – LONG LIST OF PANEL PARTICIPANTS – EMS is an extension of the hospital emergency release program for blood products which is uncross matched blood. Showed map of prehospital EMS locations carrying blood. Need more blood donors. AABB is working on out of hospital blood standards. The standards are currently open for comment. Key questions for EMS blood administration being developed as well. “This could save more American lives than any other initiative in our lifetime.” 4 pillar approach to increasing blood use in the field: 1) Reimbursement for blood, 2) EMS scope of practice changes, 3) Strategic preparedness and 4) outreach to support increasing involvement. Is it time to introduce ARC (Advanced Resuscitative Care) into thecivilian population? This would be adding O negative blood, 10% Calcium Chloride 2gm, and TXA 2gm, into the trauma care prehospital phase. One study on penetrating trauma showed this dropped mortality rate. Use XABCDEF as the treatment priority list. Every minute matters. Even with short transport times, this care shows improvement in outcome. Prehospital blood administration averages a savings of 19 minutes over waiting to start transfusion at the hospital. Having to have the “magic armband” at the hospital delays blood administration at the hospital. Infusion start takes less than two minutes with EMS. Washington DC reports that they are completing transfusions before arrival at the ED. Patients are actually waking up prior to arrival at ED after transfusion. Standardization of tubing and warming cartridges can decrease costs. Some areas report a decrease in hospital transfusions due to EMS completing what is needed before arrival at the ED. One area reports creating a group of dedicated donors from public safety (includes females who are type O that have never been pregnant). Systems report expanding from just trauma to medical hemorrhage patients. Medical patients can be 25% of the administrations. There needs to be more blood available for strategic preparedness. Demonstration shown on process of using a field donor to use for a field recipient. Six-year-old pediatric recipient of an EMS blood transfusion was honored on stage. Mother of patient states that she did not understand the impact until she so the change in her daughters’ condition immediately following the blood administration.  Whole blood is the best treatment for a bleeding patient. Crystalloid fluid is “tradition,” NOT “evidence-based medicine.” Build your program as you would build it to take care of one of your own. Do not exclude kids from your EMS blood program. There is no valid reason to exclude pediatrics from an EMS blood program.

 

ID-Me: What are the Latest Infectious Disease threats Du Jour? And Why Should You Care? – Jui (Portland) and Marty (Eagles ID Consultant) – Influenza A is still prevalent. Children can be contagious 3 to 4 days prior to symptoms. Influenza A can live on stainless steel for up to 7 days. Comparison given of Influenza A, B, C and D. A and B are the most significant and dangerous. Influenza A is very zoonotic and likes to jump around. USA has been the source of three major Influenza pandemics since germ theory was recognized. 2009 flu pandemic killed 18 million people. There is an evolving menace of H5N1. In 1997, H5N1 took less than one year to transition from birds to humans. In 2020, H5N1 is on all continents except Australia. It has devastated bird populations and jumped to 16 mammalian species. Dairy herds are being affected in the United States. H5N1 is only two changes away from going from low transmission rate in humans to a high transmission rate. Antiviral treatment options: So far there have been none that have been overly efficacious in treating influenza. New ones are Favipiravir was designed for flu but is more used for other viruses. It works against the flu it is not yet approved in the US. Baloxavir has been approved for oral pill use against influenza. Cytokine storm must be stopped to prevent death from influenza. Tamiflu does help and is worthwhile if severely ill. Recombinant vaccines tend to be the most stable. Moderna has two additional flu vaccines coming out.

 

Are You Ready Teddy? What is the US Preparing for in Threat Preparedness Nowadays? – Hunt – US Department of Health and Human Services – ASPR is now its own division of the Department of Health and Human Services. Working on hospital preparedness, disaster response systems, national special pathogen system and workforce capacity and capability. Looking at regions as being more than just state based for disaster systems. The national special pathogens system is designed for black swan events.  Four levels of treatment centers. There are currently 13 regional treatment centers (RESPTC) in the US (considered to level 1 hubs). How do we transport patients for biocontainment. Currently only one agency available through the state department for transport. They are building two prototype mobile biocontainment units (PBCU – Portable Biocontainment Unit). Those working on workforce capacity and capability cross multiple partner associations and agencies. We are in a very tricky time nationally when it comes to a pandemic. The momentum to pull things together quickly is there.

 

Eagle’s Member Medical Directors On-Stage – Introductions to the audience.

 

Droning On: How is FDNY Using Robotics? – Aseda – NYC – Opening discussion on implementation of technology and also the impact of when the technology fails. Technology is great but we need to be ready for when technology fails. FDNY used tether drones for scene observation of major scenes. They now have tethered and untethered drones. Drones are also being used in water accidents to get flotation devices to someone in the water. Can drones be used to deliver blood to the scene. Robodogs were used by NYPD but were too intimidating to the public. FDNY now has robodogs for unsafe building entry (painted like a dalmatian), named “spot.” There is a remote-controlled flotation device that is coming as well.

 

The AED for the Active Bleed: What is the utility of the Automated Tourniquet? – Antevy – Coral Springs/Parkland – Dr. Antevy gives history of Davie tourniquet project and invitation to White House with Stop the Bleed history. Presentation on an inventor’s device that automates the tourniquet. Called AutoTQ. www.goldenhourmedical.com Tourniquets are frequently applied incorrectly. Stress can cause incorrect application of the tourniquet. The AutoTQ is to bleeding victims as the AED is to cardiac arrest victims. Currently an 84% failure of appropriate tourniquet application (CAT). Skill in application must be refreshed. One button inflation. Device gives verbal instruction just like an AED. Control box is reusable, strap is single use. $400 per kit (3 cuffs + Inflation unit), replacement cuffs are $40 each.

 


Depletions, Repletions ad Deletions Galore – Augustine – Eagle’s Librarian – The issue is that US manufacturers are not keeping up with obligations to produce needed medications. Some strategies are to create partnerships to get medications easier. We can sometimes substitute medications (some substitutions could be oral or inhalation). Use of expired medication requires official extensions. There is also the possibility of compounding. We should also advise the public that certain therapies are in short supply when the shortages occur. There is a new manufacturer called CivicaRX that was created due to shortages in hospitals. The drug shortage is considered a national security issue. There is currently a call for action.

 

Bringing Up Players from The Pharm Team: What is the Role and Value of an EMS Pharmacist? – Simpson (Minneapolis) and Kazan (LA County) – A pharmacist that is used alongside medical directors and protocol implementations can help identify treatment strategies, assessing new literature, logistics of drug supply and can be a resource for the paramedics. The pharmacist can be utilized in shortage mitigation as they understand usage across the entire healthcare system. They add another layer of validity to EMS treatment decisions for protocols. Can be used to review current protocols. LA County wanted automated drug systems like Pyxis. When a pharmacist looked at their existing system, she found better ways to distribute Epinephrine to EMS units. They were able to get some Epi direct from the manufacturer through their liaison pharmacist. Looked at actual utilization and adjusted supply levels to prevent expiration and reduce waste. Eliminated $300k in waste on medications. Cut expirations by 75% to 80%. Bringing in the expertise shows you what you have been doing wrong all along. Shortages are taken care of upstream from those that give the meds.

 

Long Distance STEMI Care: What is the role of Super Aspirin 23ba in Acute Coronary Syndromes – Levy – Anchorage – Zalunfiban is a new drug that is going to be used for STEMI. It is a next generation GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor that blocks platelet aggregation irrespective of pathway of activation. Given SQ and works within 15 minutes. It is out of the system in two hours. Trials are going on in Europe and US trials starting soon. There is a consent form and checklist to enter the trial. Drug may be very well suited for EMS use. Enrolling in other countries as well. It is potent with a short half-life.

 

What is the RX for AF: Considerations for Safety Treating the Quivering Atrium – Gilmore – St. Louis – Advocates for AF with RVR to be a rate of 120 plus. Should patients with AF RVR be treated in the field? Last fall, an article showed better outcomes with AF RVR patients that were treated in the field. NNT numbers were actually very low to show a positive outcome. Is Diltiazem appropriate? 27% decreased rate. 63% had clinical improvement. Nothing significant between bolus vs bolus and infusion. Slightly less hypotension if on a drip.

 

Rebuking the Puking: Efforts for Weeding Out Treatment of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis – Gilmore – St. Louis – How common is CHS? More common in states that have legalized marijuana. Acute management prevents dehydration and furthering of downstream effects of dehydration. Capsaicin tends to work. Ondansetron and Promethazine do not work well with CHS. Haloperidol and Midazolam may also hold some effect as well.

 

Five Reasons Why You Should Use Ketamine in Status Epilepticus – Scheppke – West Palm Beach and Palm Beach County Florida – Lateral tongue bite occurs in 30% of seizures (great diagnostic finding if not seizing on arrival). What do we do when Midazolam does not work? 15% of seizure patients will experience status. Benzos work through GABA receptors. GABA receptors are the “off switch.” NMDA receptors are the “on switch.” If you block the on switch it becomes the off switch. Ketamine is the Swiss army knife of medications. 100% of the Ketamine usages in the study terminated seizures in adults (82% in pediatrics). No Ketamine associated untoward effects. Benzos remain the first line therapy. Give complete doses of Ketamine.

 

Cerebrovascular Accidents are Waiting to Happen: What is the Latest Advice on Stroke Identification, Triage and Transportation Destinations – Antevy – (Davie) – Where are your stroke centers? If you are within 30 minutes of a CSC, you should bypass the PSC. 30 minutes should be the target for TPA in stroke. Many stroke centers do not report openly outcomes. RACE scale training, looking at data, and bypassing PSCs to go to CSCs improved outcomes. There is now a stroke registry and legislative to mandate reporting and show dashboards. What are each hospitals’ outcomes? Time to TPA? State level attestation had to go for established accreditation.

 

A Hat Trick That Clicks: What are the Latest Results on the Helmet Technology to Diagnose LVO? – Dunne – Detroit – We need an ECG equivalent for strokes. We are seeing more strokes than ever with the aging population base. Thrombolytics are only 10% - 20% effective in large vessel occlusion. Cranial Accelerometry measures blood flow by looking at associated vibrations in the skull. There is more vibration when there is an occlusion. 21-month study in 11 cities. Head trauma excluded. 594 subjects. 313 consented. 25 had degraded readings on initial device. Compared to LAMS score at 40% predictive value, the device was over 85%. It only missed four patients out of 158. Device is far better than a scoring system alone. Device data has been submitted for approval to the FDA.

 

The Nobility of Mobility: What Are the Economics, Benefits and Findings from Mobile Stroke Units? – Lowe (Columbus), Persse (Houston), and Bronsky (Colorado Springs) – Good breakdown of usage of stroke units including unit downtime. Houston reports cost of over $2.4 million annually. Part can be recovered in hospital systems by downstream income from stroke patients. Annually generated about $800k in revenue for the hospital (does not include income from consults, etc. Net is about $1.6 million. If the hospital is operating the unit they really want the patient to come back to them and this becomes an issue of fairness. Some data dis show a decrease in time to thrombolytic treatment with a large number receiving TPA within one hour. EMS medical direction has to be an integral part of development of a stroke unit. Houston is putting together a consortium so that everyone is at the table. Houston reports 45% treated in the first hour of symptoms. Houston is a fire department project using union firefighters partnered with hospital RNs and CT techs. An NYC attendee indicated that in NYC, Stroke is a BLS call type. Columbus uses a neurologist via telemedicine. Each of these systems only have one stroke unit. One set of data indicated that it received requests while already on another stroke call. The Colorado unit was splitting time between Colorado Springs and Aurora initially (there is now a unit in each city). Houston is adding a second unit and potentially a third.

 

No Entiendo Stroke?  Well Then Try This Very Useful CVA Assessment Tool, Por Favor! – Banjeree – Polk County Florida – 12.5% of the US population has Spanish as a primary language. This cultural group has a higher incidence of stroke. AHORA is the Spanish anacronym. Andar, Hablar, Ojos, Rostro and Ambos brazos o piernas. This mirrors the content of stroke assessment tools for the public that are written in English.

 

Not Lost in Translation: Can an On-scene Video App Get You the Right Interpreter ASAP? – Simpson – Minneapolis – Utilizing a video application with field crews with interpreters. Used for multiple languages and dialects. Did training on use within a simulation lab. Last month this was used 2608 minutes in their system. Do we need this? “Probably.” Is it feasible? Yes. The app does not record, it is real time only. Cost is a per minute fee along with a subscription fee to the program.

 

How Good Are Paramedics at Shadowboxing? Our first 3000 Ultrasounds In the field – Simpson – Minneapolis – Storage of images is important (Can use cloud or local). Feedback is important. Use champions of the program to create more educational materials. The program is now mature, and they have ultrasound on all units and every paramedic is trained in ultrasound. You need champions, storage, and feedback to have a thriving ultrasound program.

 

Why Did We Have to De-Train the Trainees? Lessons Learned from 100 Prehospital Videoed Intubations – Lowe – Columbus – Intubation success rate was improved so they wanted to do a deeper dive into what they had learned. What had to be trained out Don’t sweep the tongue, review anatomy, and what is an OK view as compared to a good view? Needed to re-emphasize the importance of suction.

 

Land of Enchanting Education: Novel Approaches to Statewide Education in New Mexico –Pruett – Albuquerque – Extend the dinner table conversations. Tell the stories of the difficult cases and rescues. What did you see? What did you think? What approach did you take to treatment? They have now produced 42 videos of these type discussions for statewide use. They are also trying to get physician residents more interactive with EMS training. Follow up is education, but getting follow can be difficult. They are having residents complete a form to send feedback to EMS crews. Producing BLS educational distance learning programs for rural and tribal EMS (twice a month - Project Echo). Users can interact with each other on the platform. This usage resulted in three caregivers present at a mass shooting integrating with each other seamlessly.

 

Scaling Up De-escalation Preparedness: Improving Force Protection Through Specialized Training – Holman and Dunne (Detroit) – Dunne: How do we teach what we learn so the future caregivers feel safe and more protected. We want to prevent escalation. One study showed reduction in aggression from 37% to 3% by instituting preventative training. They use Verbal Judo and other programs. They also do hot wash and performance improvement following incidents. Get peer support involved with training and incidents. Protective gear was assessed. Reeducated on medical restraint. Better integration with social workers and LEO. Looking at staging issues and improving dispatch issues and alerts. Continued focus on situational awareness. Holman: Used simulation labs while in Washington to teach conflict resolution. Showed video of a simulation of conflict between crew members.

 

Agitation Mitigation Nation: What Do We Do When Things Get Outta Hand? Numerous presenters – Pruett, Lowe, Colwell, Gaither, Nacht, Calhoun – Extreme agitation (regardless of term used) will usually require chemical intervention. It is a medical emergency, and you must treat it. Typically, there is profound metabolic acidosis in play and if we do not intervene it may end in cardiac arrest. Options are Benzodiazepines, Droperidol, Haloperidol, Ketamine, and others. Benzos work well when cocaine or methamphetamines are involved (be careful when there is alcohol involvement. Droperidol is good for everything else. Droperidol can be used for nausea as well. No adverse cardiac events noted with Droperidol. Haldol is also an option. Ketamine is good for the extreme agitation case as a first line agent. It is safe in medical hands. Ketamine increases MAP in head injury. Joint statement is out that supports Ketamine use in trauma. Dexmedetomidine mentioned as another potential medication to look at. Physical restraint of patients: How should you select a restraint device? Restraint for agitated patients must be made safer. Everyone must work together on this topic. One agency using the “Wrap Device.” Simulate each device that you consider. Devices must have policies for use. When does EMS care start and when does LEO care end? Define EMS
responsibilities. There must be a QI process to assure compliance with policy and usage. Agitated patients have poor morbidity and mortality. Some tips: 1) Never meet a colleague for the first time in a disaster. 2) Why it was done matters a lot. 3) One size does not fit all when dealing with people. Customize it to your system. 4) There must be a culture of empowerment (everyone must be able to point out issues). Post sedation monitoring and resuscitation: Maintain airway, give oxygen, monitor ETCO2 and SPO2, full vitals and repeated assessment. Is there a good score? One agency (Columbus) uses the Sedation Assessment Tool (they stratify sedation dosing based upon level of the score. New Mexico uses the Behavioral Severity Index. Standardize language and dosing. Improve documentation. Create and publish QI reports. “The best EMS spit mask is a non-rebreather with oxygen.” Geodon and Droperidol are extremely safe (but like any agent, you must watch the airway). Need for EMS body cameras noted by one physician. Discussion regarding Aurora’s consent decree. https://www.auroragov.org/residents/public_safety/commitment_to_progress/consent_decree_progress

 

Day Two

 

Some Highlights from the Past Year’s Eagle’s Surveys and Weekly Zoom Rooms – Augustine – Eagles Librarian – There is a feeling that change is occurring faster than usual. This is followed by three years where there was little change. Another issue is that the patterns of substance use differ widely across our country. Within the Eagles there were 40 major discussion threads that were not COVID in the past year. 120 Eagles members who are medical directors covering about 24 million EMS responses (there are about 36 million transports each year with about 37% being admitted after ED). People was one of the biggest topics. Discussions on recruiting and retention. Discussions held on academies and college degrees. EMS is fertile ground for developing people and that is a very productive use of EMS. We have a responsibility to prepare people for a career. On going supply chain issues. Something different every week. Transport ventilators are now present in 40% of agencies. Need better restraint systems for behavioral patients. Secretions getting into ETCO2 probes when using SGA’s. Tourniquets need to be stored with AEDs for public access. Cyanide antidote now available 70% of the time to fire scenes.  More use of selective BLS on low acuity calls is happening. Sedation usage reviewed with Midazolam being the primary and Ketamine the second most used. Elevator incidents are becoming more common. There have been more uses of dedicated and public busses for MCI transport. More services now have internal crisis management resources. Community paramedicine for low acuity and lift assist calls. Treat in place and alternative destinations are becoming more common. Sporting events are asking for more dedicated services. 75% of services have cricothyrotomy now. Sharing practices is a great practice.

 

Approach to the CBRN Event: A Framework for Patient Care and Movement – Margolis – US Secret Service – Most of EMS is focused on the singular person. Why are we talking about CBRN? If you were the bad guy, what would you do to maximize a attack?  The New England Journal of Medicine has reported on potential chemical agents that might be seen in an attack. Nerve agents, Asphyxiants and Opioids are the top three potential agents that could be used. Does a framework for response exist? MARCHE2. Mask up. Antidotes. Rapid Spot Decon. Countermeasures. Hypothermia prevention. Extrication. The framework will be used in the zones of care (hot, warm, cold). Antidotes: Duodote, Atropine, Naloxone, Amyl Nitrate, Diazepam, Hydroxocobalamin, Calcium Gluconate, Bronchodilators. Life threatening hemorrhage may be present and must be managed. Chemicals must be neutralized. Tourniquets applied in the hot zone may be a source of ongoing contamination. PEEP may be needed in patients with respiratory complaints. The patient will be naked and wet after decon and hypothermia must be prevented. Additional monitoring and transport will occur from the cold zone. Decon is a medical countermeasure. MARCHE2 is dynamic.

 

Premature Launches: What are the Considerations for EMS Crews Faced with a Precipitous Delivery? – Colwell – San Francisco – For the most part these go just fine. Standard process used by EMS works in most cases. Breech, Shoulder Dystocia, and Prolapsed cord are the three to worry about. Breech: Don’t pull. Hands off until umbilicus seen. Then you can move and turn to remove. Shoulder Dystocia: 3% of vaginal delivery. Turtle sign (baby retracts back during contraction. Mom back flat and hyperflex the thighs. Flex elbow and move over infant face and two other maneuvers. Prolapsed cord: Cord compression creates hypoxia. Raise the head off the cord and you are there until arrival. Must hold head off the umbilicus. Think and train before this happens and do not forget post-delivery care.

 

It Ain’t over till it’s over: Consider post-partem lethal states (REWORD) – Miramontes (San Antonio) and Weston (Milwaukee) – Miramontes: Preeclampsia can sneak up on you. Deaths are common. There are numerous risk factors. 1.4% of deliveries have eclampsia. Prevent seizures by using Magnesium. If BP is over 160 Systolic do seizure prevention. Treat the blood pressure (“Treat the damn blood pressure!”). Weston: Preeclampsia can occur up to six weeks after delivery. Out of 1575 pregnancies, 504 are hypertensive, 75 will be severe, but only 1 will have hypertension as the primary complaint. Miramontes: A BP of 140 systolic is not normal in pregnancy.  BP must be managed if at 160 or higher “Be aggressive. Be. Be Aggressive!” Transport with Magnesium prophylaxis.

 


How My Crew Does “bu”! Opioid issues – Weston, Youngquist, Miramontes, Jui, Mechem, Scheppke – Cartel drug production is up. Overdoses are up. Relapse rates are high. “You can’t help someone if they are dead.” Treatment lowers HIV and Hepatitis rates as well as decreases crime. 20% mortality with detox. Buprenorphine is effective in preventing withdrawal symptoms. Two to three days of BU treatment makes the patient a much different person. San Antonio has a field BU program. BU can last greater than 24 hours. The first 24-48 hours after an overdose is when they are most likely to die. If BU is given you may be preventing another OD for at least 24 hours. Don’t be deterred, take the first step. BU is not going to get them high, and they will not OD on it. Giving BU has a great impact potential. Oregon provider has an aftercare team. Just starting. Have 18 patients enrolled. Transporting to a clinic and not the ED. Currently reducing withdrawal patient symptoms. Philadelphia has had an opioid response team for 5 years. Warm handoffs to rehab. Able to place 1313 people into treatment programs. Chance or overdose reduced by 85% after contact with the opioid unit. Good political support in Philadelphia. Florida has the CORE network in place. There is a centralized, tax funded addiction stabilization center. Overdose rates virtually eliminated after treatment. With proper treatment, people stop using.

 

Panel On Ambulance Parking, Ambulance Ramping, Extended Wall Time, APOD or Whatever You Call It!  Kazan, Obert, Stone, Goodloe, Asaeda, Scheppke and others – “EMS is just dumping patients on the hospitals,” was heard in one venue. This is not a new problem. ED overcrowding first discussed in 1974, diversions discussed in 1994. Hospitals have had decades to figure it out. Ambulances should be out on the street not stuck at hospitals. ED and EMS utilization are both up dramatically. About a 5% increase annually in EMS volume. California has mandated RN to patient ratios that have created a nursing shortage. Beds must close if staffing is lean. “Inmates are running the asylum.” Facilities will stay open to patients while multiple ambulances are on the wall. Who is responsible for the patient? CMS has weighed in. EMTALA obligation at the hospital begins on arrival. Hospital responsibility begins before the wheels of the ambulance stop. Hospitals do not like this. Holding ambulances become a free tool ED’s use during surge. EMS did not speak up soon enough on the issue. Pandemic caused this to be a tipping point. Hospital problems cannot be used to crush the EMS systems. Medical literature shows that diversion does not work. The hospitals need to hire LPNs or some level to sit with patients. This is patient advocacy. In Canada, at a provider in Vancouver, they have created waiting room criteria so that patients can be moved there, and the unit can go available. There are exclusion criteria. EMS also bills hospitals for offload delays. A supervisor escalation is used if unit cannot drop patient and return to service. Crew can activate an immediate need protocol when there are no units available, and the hospital must release the unit. There have been no patient safety events reported. Communicate early and communicate often. Maryland is unique in that they had the longest offloading delays. The wall time issue is multifactorial. Wall time is an extreme patient dissatisfier.  Set boundaries with the ED. Share data on the issue (both ways). Direct to triage when you can. Escalate if wait time is longer than expected. Some use of alternative destinations. “We will not normalize EMS wall times. EMS personnel will not act as surrogates for ED staff.”  $31,519.85 in waste with wall time in that system. The NYC approach: They do 4500 EMS calls a day. 1.6 million calls a year. 1 million patients transported annually. 60 receiving ED’s. They want low turnaround times, but they are averaging 40 to 45 minutes. Ambulances are redirected if ambulances are already stuck at a receiving facility for more than 20 minutes. Treat in place and alternative destinations have been explored. Light duty EMTs and medics are y=used for ambulance handoff so crew can leave in some cases. The on-site EMT/paramedic then hands off to hospital. Successful when things are running well. Scheppke: Wall time is not an EMS issue. It is not our problem. It is the hospitals problem. Show the data and place the shame. Pepe: Once we are there it is their patient, period.

 

Nursing the 9-1-1 Call: Success of a Triage Line to Re-direct Low Risk Patients – Holman – Washington DC – Six years. 74,300 calls triaged. 35,000 patients diverted. 62% of those diverted stay out of ED for at least 7 days. Lyft is utilized if transport is needed. Components: Self-care, clinics, telehealth, and urgent care. NTL is supported by medical literature. Field referral empowers crews to be clinicians. DC believes that 26% of their calls should be sent to NTL. DC dispatch not sending all that they should to NTL. Trying to fix the issue. Trying to get CMS funding support for NTL in the future.

 

Show Me the Money: Funding MIH and Outcome Tracking – Miramontes (San Antonio and Holman (Washington DC) – Miramontes: Multiple MIH service lines in play. Some hospice entities actually pay for MIH. Hospice does not want ambulance transport in most cases. Manage the patient on scene. Number one issue faced is that families do not know how to use a 1ml syringe. They can remedy that.  The goal is to work with the family, treat pain and symptoms and NOT transport. Molina sends MIH patients that are costing them large sums due to non-compliance. MIH works to get them what they need, and MIH is paid to keep them out of the ER. This stabilizes the patient. Using homeless shelter care stations (decreasing responses).  Holman: DC received a state plan amendment for Medicaid and was able to bill using actual costs. They will receive supplemental Medicaid payments. This will be used to develop new initiatives to create better patient care. Rules for this differ by state. Agency must qualify before entering this Medicaid program. Document best practices so that you have the information to support doing more.

 

No Small Matter: MIH for Kids! – Pruett – Albuquerque – Train MIH providers on peds respiratory distress. There should be a clinical rotation in peds ER. Review OTC med dosing for fever. Train how and when to suction. Assure food security, home safety, car seats and safe sleep. With program, 23 patients sent home on O2 since 8/23 with only one return to ED.

 

Can REBOA Catheters Be Readily Used for Cardiac Arrest? – Youngquist – Salt Lake City – Case study of REBOA at 70 minutes of arrest. There have been 10 performed so far with 6 ROSC and 1 discharged neuro intact. Main skill is cannulation of the femoral artery. Looking at REBOA combined with the neuroprotective bundle (HUCPR). More to come.

 

Who CARES? Why should We Use a National CA Registry to Enhance Survival? – Weston (Washington DC) – Are you using the data internally? Are you making it public? Do you know where your arrests are occurring? Who is it witnessed by? How many received bystander CPR? Knowing these things can target care. If you have the data share it and use it.

 

A Heads-Up and C.A.R.E.S. – Bachista - Augustine – Heads up CPR showing better outcome data in non-shockable rhythms. 3% improvement in outcome with PEA and Asystole. 42.5% improvement in neuro good outcome in all arrests (looked to be about a 5% improvement in neuro intact discharge). More to come.

 

Not Dead – Just Mostly Dead: Resurrecting Those with Asystole and Unwitnessed Arrest – Schorz – Witness Protection Program – Is there something else we can do? Medical literature supporting use of neuroprotective bundle for cardiac arrest to improve neuro intact outcomes. So, what about Asystole? There are physiological limitations of conventional supine CPR. We know that ACD + and ITD improve neuro intact survival by up to 50%. What about raising the head? You just cannot raise it all at once. Must be primed supine and then raise head slowly. Cerebral perfusion is near normal using this method. Again, what about Asystole in unwitnessed arrest? Individual system low improvement still means thousands of lives saved nationally. HUCPR does improve survival in this group over standard CPR.

 

Drain Those Brains and See the Gains: Updates from Tennessee and Oklahoma – Holley (Memphis)– Looked at 87 patients and isolated CPC1 survival with HUCPR. Greatest improvement was in the groups that rarely show survival.

 

Some Shocking and Non-Shocking Outcomes – Bachista (St. John’s County) and Antevy (Palm Beach County) – Neuroprotective Bundle is BLS. Case study presented with HUCPR. Young patient. 21 years old. Single shock and the HUCPR with ROSC. CPC1 discharge. Next is a 70-year-old, short of breath, dizzy. Wife cannot get him out of chair. Took four minutes to get him to floor. Unable to do bystander or DACPR. Got neuroprotective bundle on arrival. Refractory VF. 12 defibs with 8 being DSD. Epi, Amiodarone and Mag. 38 minutes on scene. Transported with HUCPR. No ROSC with EMS. In arrest for 72 minutes before ROSC. Went to Cath lab. Extubated 3 days later. Discharged neuro intact. Neuroprotective CPR protected brain function. Three weeks later, patient met the EMS crew. “Why do we do what we do? THIS is why we do want we do.” It is all about perfusion. Antevy: Next, EMS, fire crew and patient (and family) involved in a tennis court arrest came on stage. Covered timeline of event. Esmolol used in this arrest. Time to first defib was 2 minutes 22 seconds. ICU nurse follows up with patient (voluntarily) at home. Patient went home CPC1. Patient speaks to the audience clearly and with many accolades for everyone involved. He plans to get back to playing tennis. He wants to be the oldest person to win the U. S. Open. Crew received awards on stage. They also thanked Dr. Pepe and Dr. Scheppke for their “mad scientist dreams” making this possible. Another note: Dr. Antevy’s father-in-law was playing tennis on the court next to this event and he got his number to the family, and Dr. Antevy followed this case as well and helped get resources for the post-arrest care. Dr. Antevy states, “How can we make care equitable so that everyone can get the right resources and care?”

 

Gilding the Chain of Survival: Progress on Creating Resuscitation Centers in Florida – Kuhlman – Orlando – Healthcare is relationships and full-time trust. All emergency departments are not created equal. Resuscitation centers must be able to do emergent caths and have interventional neuro. The CMO of the hospital is the one to meet with in creating a resuscitation center and who you would share the criteria with. Multiple departments of the facility must be involved. Comment by Scheppke: Mimic what processes trauma centers do to build a resuscitation center.

 

Sudden Death Clean-up on Aisle 5: Is Systemwide Deployment of AEDs In a Large Supermarket Chain Worthwhile? – Scheppke (Florida Department of Health) and Pepe (Eagles) – Public access AEDs exist but they are hard to find. Large southern US supermarket chain trained employees and placed the AED in the same place in every store. Deployment is commonplace in public, but actual use is infrequent. Goal was to track usage across one supermarket chain. Barriers to an AED program can be fear of liability and upkeep cost including training. The supermarket in question made the decision to do the right thing. The very first use was a Publix employee. 1,335 locations (847 in Florida), all with training and AED. Data comes from Florida locations. Data from Publix internal reports is being matched with state EMS data reports. Six years of data. 342 times the AED was retrieved. 80% inside, 20% outside. 109 cases of shocks delivered. Median age was 60. Median female age was 55. 68% of shocks were men. Of those, the percentage of those they could get outcome data on that had discharge from hospital was 85%. 33 of the total AED cases proved to be of substance use origin. Publix has 1 to 2 shockable cases each month. Increases chance of survival for non-elderly customers (low median age). Casinos may indeed have similar numbers (from a comment).

 

Dengue Fever – Marty - A zoonotic disease. Multiple species can carry. Incidence has doubled each decade since 1990. Now doubling yearly. It is in the Americas. This year 7.6 million cases already. 1706 cases in US and protectorates/territories. There are four serotypes (DENV 1 through 4). The warmer the climate gets, advances mosquito population time frame and at the same time the amount of virus in each mosquito grows. Can be transmitted from mother to baby, possibly even through breast feeding. Look at mental status, hemodynamic status, hydration status and signs/symptoms of plasma leakage or bleeding. There are rashes and possibly flushing of face. Rash may blanch when touched. After bite, it can take 3 to 14 days to show symptoms. Fever is 2 to 5 days. Severe phase is after fever phase. Nausea, joint and bone pain, leukopenia. Severe abdominal pain in the critical phase along with persistent vomiting. May have liver enlargement and clinical fluid accumulation. Can have flank pain and respiratory distress. About 30% have mild bleeding in gums and urine. Severe cases can have massive GI bleeding. Diagnosing Dengue can be difficult. Rapid diagnostic test for NS1 antigen. Blood glucose and ECG should be assessed. At hospital look at WBC and Hematocrit. IV saline is appropriate. Fresh whole blood may be helpful (must watch for transfusion reactions).

 

Advancing to the Basics: Can BLS Providers Use SGAs and Epi? – Youngquist – Salt Lake City – BVM alone can be ineffective. Ineffective but due to technique air is not going where it is needed. Other than emesis in tube, Igel had less complications than BVM alone. Early Epi shows benefit. Could IM Epi be useful in arrest by EMTs prior to medic IV access and administration? Work in progress but IM Epi seems to affect data positively through discharge neuro intact.

 

It’s Less About the Lane, More About How We train: What are the Pros and Cons of Various SGAs? – Holley – Memphis – Is the tool we are using the best one? Data presented in comparison. Compared against ET tube. The King still struggles and has the weakest presentation in the data presented. SGAs have improved. Ballon devices seem to be weakest in general.

 

Seeing is Achieving: A Visionary EMS Systems Experience with VDL – Jui – Portland – Initial premise is that there is no improvement in success with video laryngoscopy. However, in ICU and infants in hospital there was greater success with video laryngoscopy. How does this translate to field patients in Oregon. System has a mandatory difficult airway course for paramedics. Twice a year mandatory training also. Two pass rule in place for ET intubation then use Igel. Overall success was 85% to 90% with direct laryngoscopy. Video laryngoscopy went to overall of 93%. EMS personnel must be able to use both DL and VL. Training is key. VL is a major paradigm change.

 

IO Where Do We Go: What Are Outcomes in Comparing Humeral vs. Tibial Sites in Cardiac Arrest – Jui – Portland – Humoral is superior to tibial in cardiac arrest. Does the route make a difference for Epi? Early Epi is important. In swine, Epi plasma levels are highest/quickest with IV over all IO routes and ET. May not be statistically significant. Humeral IO does tend to beat the tibial IO. Upper extremity IO was superior in ROSC and discharge over lower extremity IO.

 

Why the Thigh: What is the rationale for Using Femoral IV Route (Especially in Kids!) – Antevy – Florida NAEMSP – Should we use the distal femur in adults? Should we abandon IO Amiodarone and Lidocaine? Should we abandon tibial IO? Femur location is much more stable. Malpositioning is VERY common in the tibia. Pediatric Landmark is 1 to 2 CM above the patella. Get rid of pink needles in Peds. A large green 65mm needles is coming later this year also. Success is far better in using the femoral site. What about Ami and Lido (for arrest) in IO? These meds are worthless if given via IO. Much better if given IV. If you use Amiodarone IO, the rate of death is double. Get rid of tibial IO. Can we use femoral IO? Yes. Abandon Amiodarone IO? Yes. Miramontes: You must immobilize the leg if you use Femoral IO.

 

Putting Pressure on the Little Ones: Can CPAP Be Applied Properly to Children? – Lowe – Columbus – The awakening moment was a ped with asthma where the father was a medic. He recommended CPAP at the hospital, and it worked well. This posed the question of why do we not do this? In peds this uses a mask covering the entire face in hospitals. CPAP not for croup. Lower BP limit is 90 systolic (less than 70 in those under 10). Have had six cases. Five were respiratory and one drowning. They were already carrying peds masks for small adults. Has had great patient response.

 

A Festive Day Gone Far Astray: What Did I Take Away from the October 7th Massacre Day? – Mechem – Philadelphia – Hamas launched an attack. 1,143 killed. Largest terrorist attack in Israel history. 3000 Gazans breached the security fence while many wore body cams.  Targeted towns and Israel Defense Force sites. “Kill as many people and take as many hostages as possible” was the Hamas goal found on dead fighters. 364 attendees were killed at the Supernova Music festival with 40 taken hostage. Those not killed on site were killed in their cars while trying to escape on Route 232. National EMS System is Magen David Adom. There is also a volunteer agency. Staging areas were used as there were not enough transport resources. Emergency supply of blood was released. 1612 dispatches that day. 22 locations. The attack went on for days. EMS were in body armor and being targeted. Fighting escalated as police and IDF arrived. Most care was BLS and load and go as extraction was highly dangerous. AK47s, RPG and knives used. Central command centers helped coordinate resources and supplies. One medical center received 626 casualties. Multiple, dispersed attacks. Civilians attacked with military tactics and weapons. Antevy comments: His family is from Israel. He had family members injured and killed in this attack. One was kidnapped and killed. This needs to be exposed. These things must stop. The attacks were against innocent people. Pepe: There is a text available on Mass Casualty Medicine.

 

Active Shooter: It’s Not Over Till It’s Over – Pepe – Eagles – Dallas police Ambush July 7, 2016. Perpetrator was a 25-year-old. Look for the sniper. The sniper may shoot after deploying something to make people panic and run. FFL Airport Shooting January 6, 2017. Targeted people in the baggage claim area. Marjory Stoneman Douglas Shooting on Valentine’s Day. Antevy was on the outside looking in. Half a century of ACLS “Alternative Clinical Life Style.” There is a review of mass gathering event attacks in the Mass Casualty Medicine text. Text on Mass gathering medicine? In a traditional, MCI what percentage of patients are critically injured? 5% to 10%. What is manifested emotionally by survivors and caregivers? Guilt. Use alternative triage management in a major event. Advanced Disaster Life Support can be useful. It is tough to make predictions. ICS function failed at Parkland. Protracted suicides are hard on EMS personnel with long periods of time and speculation causing fatigue. Second pass phenomenon and secondary devices are predictable. One site is a distractor for another. The IRA used the tactic of one bomb to draw everyone to the scene and then set off the bigger bomb or ambush. Las Vegas October 1, 2017, showed us ricochet can cause many severe casualties. Be prepared as any of this can happen anywhere at any time. This impacts our families as much as it impacts us. Colwell: There are immediate effects, some are weeks later, and others are years in how everyone is affected by these events. We do not like to keep talking about it, but it is a must to keep in mind. Antevy: On site internal peer resources are a must. Health and safety must have a focus on what affects us.

 

The Done-Got Poisoned Blues: What Do We Need To remember About Cyanide? – Calhoun – Cincinnati – Why is this an issue? What are we looking for? What should we do? When many things in normal life burn, they produce cyanide. Heating some substances and post-fire items can still off gas cyanide. 30% to 90% of fire related deaths have cyanide at toxic levels (depending on data source). Cyanide gas is also absorbed through the skin. You cannot fix fire related cardiac arrest without correcting cyanide poisoning. If the neuro system or cardiovascular system is compromised, cyanide poisoning should be considered to be a cause. If antidote cannot be brought to scene, transport should not be delayed. If using cyanokit understand that it is complicated, so have a reference card. Case study by Asaeda from FDNY: Fire response. Interior attack crew calls a mayday and firefighter pulls his mask off. They leave internal attack. Medics activate protocol as the firefighter is in respiratory arrest and gave antidote. Both firefighters were dived in hyperbaric chambers. Both get better. FDNY has given over 500 administrations.

 

Hazardous Judgements: What Kind of Decision Making Should We Anticipate in Haz-mat Response? – Augustine – Lee County Florida – Over time we have cycled through various threats including nuclear. It is very rare that there is an isolated exposure without injury or burns. Decon is based upon the agent in play. Bad stuff in patient eyes requires irrigation as the ultimate priority. Gasoline can be decontaminated after treatment of life-threatening injuries (must get off skin and get clothing off). Isolate the airway and cover wounds and decontaminate. Nuclear is only an issue if they have the material on them. Biological agents require varied response and decontamination. There should be designated EDs used and contaminate as few EDs as possible. Patients expect care as fast as possible. Talk then through the process. Work with industry to assure processes are closed in a timely manner.

 

Rehabbing Rehab: 2024 Ways to Manage Fire Ground Rescue – Dunne – Detroit – Modern fires burn faster than traditional materials. Most common cause of death is inhalation of noxious gases and not thermal injury. Airway burns: expect difficulty and use all your tools, time is not your friend. Carbon Monoxide: just assume it is a factor, use CO monitoring. There may be a combination of CO and CN. Cyanide: antidote should be utilized. There must be comprehensive rehab. Rehab requires protocols. Manage airway with a cuffed ET tube if there is inhalation injury.

 

Eagles Take the Stage – Eagles Electrical Storm – All medical directors on stage – Short discussion on how they learn from each other by sharing. 1) Cyanide antidotes are best given in the field as there are more barriers at the hospital. 2) One person in audience mentions they would like to do better dosing on Droperidol and implement Lucas. 3) Discussion on carrying both direct and video laryngoscopy. Consensus is not to take one tool away for another. Carry both. McGrath can do both video and DL. DL has a definitive role in vomiting patients. Miramontes states VL works great for those wearing reading glasses. Why has it taken so long for VL to be adopted? The stakeholder group weighs things before adopting. Adaptive behaviors come into play. 4) What to use for AF? Most support Diltiazem.  If Esmolol is used the patient may have to go to CCU/ICU. LA County says that Diltiazem seldom drops BP. One medical director stated that if they are unstable just shock them, if not unstable just transport rather than do the math. If cardioverted, someone along the line needs to give Lovenox to prevent a clot in the next 48 hours. 5) A New Jersey hospital is asking providers to bypass other hospitals with cardiac arrest patients so that they can do ECMO. Pepe says the number of cardiac arrest patients needing ECMO is probably less than 5%. Miramontes: ECMO takes a lot of hoops to jump through to get started upon arrival at ED. Many things are looked at closely before going on ECMO. When it fits, the results are “miraculous.” He does not support bypassing facilities just because one facility wants to do ECMO. Valenzuela: Make the hospitals get together and decide what they all can agree to on this issue. Cohen: You must have mechanical CPR if transporting to receive ECMO (it is a safety issue for crews transporting). Antevy: Predicts that there will be one shock then move to DSD, then there will probably be one area ECMO center for transport. Scheppke: We need resuscitation centers of excellence. Not everyone will need ECMO, but the receiving hospital for cardiac arrest needs to be the best possible. Gaither: It is easy to put someone on ECMO. It is hard to take them off and have the conversation with families. ICU docs need to be part of those decisions. Antevy: Used stroke ambulances as an example. He disagrees with stroke ambulances because they exist only because hospitals cannot get their act together. Hospitals need to be able to deliver needed care. States that locally there are now five cases where the medics have run the code in the ED as they are in their element, and it is collaborative. Gaither: CPR is of poor quality in many hospitals, even teaching hospitals. 6) Question from attendee from Alaska: States she is encouraged being here at the changes that can be taken home. She points to Doctor Pruett’s lecture as speaking to her on child advocacy. Another attendee states he loves the collaboration at this meeting. He points out that the Eagles group cares. There is a lot of mutual respect inside this group. Miramontes: Get the people in the people in the room and fix the problem instead of pointing fingers (he suggests coffee and tacos). Get everyone talking.

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Well, that is it from Eagles XXV. Hope these notes help you spur progress and create ideas at your EMS provider. Thank you for reading.


An additional flooding photo from Ft. Lauderdale Airport

"Welcome back my friends to the show that never ends. " - Paul Pepe

I can never pass one of these up for a conference breakfast.